Module 4: Food as Therapy

1. Question

The concept of homeodynamics includes:

Relatively stable physical and chemical composition of the external environment of the body resulting from the actions of compensating regulatory systems.
Relatively stable physical and chemical composition of the internal environment of the body resulting from the actions of compensating regulatory systems.
Relatively stable physical and chemical composition of the internal environment of the body resulting from the changes in the external environment.
Relatively stable genetic composition of the internal environment of the body resulting from the actions of compensating regulatory systems.

2. Question

Homeodynamic mechanisms include:

Body temperature
Circadian rhythms
Metabolic activity
All of the above

3. Question

Low-grade metabolic acidosis can be defined as:

Sub-clinical rise in acidity in the tissues and fluids of the body.
Severe rise in acidity in the tissues and fluids of the body.
Sub-clinical rise in acidity in the blood.
None of the above

4. Question

What is the underlying cause of low-grade metabolic acidosis?

Chronic cellular electrolyte imbalance (sodium and iron, magnesium and calcium).
Chronic cellular electrolyte imbalance (sodium and potassium, magnesium and calcium).
Chronic cellular electrolyte imbalance (sodium and potassium, magnesium and phosphorus).
Chronic cellular electrolyte imbalance (sodium and zinc, magnesium and calcium).

5. Question

What factors can contribute to cellular electrolyte imbalances?

High sodium, low potassium diet.
Impaired cellular ATP production reducing sodium potassium ATPase enzyme activity.
Low magnesium, high calcium diet.
All of the above

6. Question

What factors can deplete potassium levels in the body?

Alcohol and coffee consumption
Excess calcium intake
High vegetable intake
All of the above

7. Question

What primary functions in the body utilise different types of carbohydrates?

Production of ATP
Production of short chain fatty acids by colonic microbiota
Gut motility
All of the above

8. Question

What type of carbohydrate is glycogen?

Oligosaccharide energy store for animal cells.
Polysaccharide energy store for plant cells.
Monosaccharide energy store for animal cells.
Polysaccharide energy store for animal cells.

9. Question

What are short chain fatty acids (SCFAs)?

Metabolic by-products from fermentation of monosaccharides by colonic microbiota.
Metabolic by-products from fermentation of oligosaccharides by small intestine microbiota.
Metabolic by-products from fermentation of oligosaccharides by colonic microbiota.
Metabolic by-products from fermentation of oligosaccharides by colonic yeasts.

10. Question

What is the suggested minimum fibre intake for UK adults?

10g
30g
50g
100g

11. Question

What are two of the structural roles for fats in the human body?

Plasma cell membranes derived from phospholipids and myelin sheath.
Plasma cell membranes derived from cholesterol and myelin sheath.
Plasma cell membranes derived from saturated fats and myelin sheath.
None of the above.

12. Question

Which is the main essential fatty acid round in the brain?

DHA
EPA
Cholesterol
Lecithin

13. Question

Lecithin is found naturally in which digestive secretion?

Stomach acid
Saliva
Bile
All of the above

14. Question

What type of carbon bonds are found in polyunsaturated fats?

Double bonds
Single bonds
Unsaturated bonds
Answers (a) and (c)

15. Question

What food source is rich in medium chain triglycerides (MCTs)?

Olive oil
Coconut oil
Hemp seed oil
CBD oil

16. Question

Omega 3 and 6 essential fatty acid include:

EPA and DHA
EPA, DHA and Alpha Linoleic Acid (ALA)
EPA, DHA and Gamma Linolenic Acid (GLA)
All of the above

17. Question

Which enzyme is blocked by Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) contributing to side effects such as increased risk of gastric bleeding and stroke?

Cyclo-oxygenase 1 (COX-1)
Cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2)
COX-1 and COX-2
Sodium potassium ATPase

18. Question

What is one of the primary roles of essential fatty acids (EFAs) in the body?

Production of prostaglandins
Formation of myelin sheath
Bile fat
Production of ATP

19. Question

Why are trans fats considered harmful in the body?

Toxins that can alter a wide range of enzyme functions and increase oxidative stress, especially in the cardiovascular system.
Toxins that can alter digestive enzyme function and increase oxidative stress, especially in the cardiovascular system.
Toxins that can alter a wide range of enzyme functions and reduce glycogen storage.
All of the above.

20. Question

What is a complete protein?

A protein source that contains all the 18 types of amino acids, e.g. animal protein.
A protein source that contains all the 22 types of amino acids, e.g. animal protein.
A protein source that contains all the 22 types of amino acids, e.g. chickpeas.
A protein source that contains all the 22 types of amino acids, e.g. rice.

21. Question

Which amino acid is utilised by the intestinal epithelial cells?

L-glutamine
L-glycine
L-Leucine
Methionine

22. Question

What are the common factors in milk and dairy products that many individuals find difficult to digest?

Glucose, casein and A2 proteins.
Lactose, casein and A3 proteins.
Lactose, casein and A2 proteins.
Glucose, casein and A3 proteins.

23. Question

Why is pasteurisation considered to be detrimental to the final dairy product?

Destruction of functional enzymes and vitamins.
Destruction of beneficial bacteria.
Non-removal of xanthine oxidase enzyme.
All of the above.

24. Question

What is a major way to manipulate the diet to improve nutrient intake and a wide range of health benefits?

Increase green plant intake from a variety of sources.
Increase a rainbow of plant intake from a variety of sources.
Increase a rainbow of fruit intake from a variety of sources.
Increase meat intake from a variety of sources.

25. Question

What are plant anti-nutrients?

Molecules, such as SCFAs, produced by plants to protect the crop from natural pests but can bind and block intestinal absorption of certain nutrients including zinc and iron.
Molecules, such as phytic acid and saponins, produced by plants to protect the crop from natural pests but can bind and block digestive enzymes for certain nutrients including zinc and iron.
Molecules, such as phytic acid and saponins, produced by plants to protect the crop from natural pests but can bind and block intestinal absorption of certain nutrients including zinc and iron.
Molecules, such as phytic acid and saponins, produced by plants to protect the crop from natural pests but can bind and block intestinal absorption of certain nutrients including amino acids.

26. Question

What is Non-Coeliac Gluten Sensitivity (NCGS)?

A gluten sensitivity where the individual cannot tolerate gluten and experiences non-GI symptoms such as headaches, foggy mind and joint pain; symptoms typically appear hours or days after gluten ingestion typical of innate immune system response rather than adaptive antibody production and GI inflammation associated with coeliac disease.
A gluten sensitivity where the individual cannot tolerate gluten and experiences GI symptoms such as headaches, foggy mind and joint pain; symptoms typically appear hours or days after gluten ingestion typical of innate immune system response rather than adaptive antibody production and GI inflammation associated with coeliac disease.
A gluten sensitivity where the individual cannot tolerate gluten and experiences non-GI symptoms such as headaches, foggy mind and joint pain; symptoms typically appear hours or days after gluten ingestion typical of adaptive immune system response rather than innate antibody production and GI inflammation associated with coeliac disease.
None of the above.

27. Question

Why does it help to soak some seeds, nuts and grains before cooking/eating?

Increases levels of anti-nutrients like phytic acid making the food more digestible.
Reduces levels of anti-nutrients like phytic acid making the food less digestible.
Reduces levels of anti-nutrients like lecithin making the food more digestible.
Reduces levels of anti-nutrients like phytic acid making the food more digestible.

28. Question

What is a good type of oil to cook with?

An oil that is liquid at room temperature with a high smoke point, e.g. organic coconut oil.
An oil that is solid at room temperature with a high smoke point, e.g. organic coconut oil.
An oil that is solid at room temperature with a high smoke point, e.g. organic olive oil.
An oil that is solid at room temperature with a low smoke point, e.g. organic coconut oil.

29. Question

What heavy metal toxin can be found in high levels in some deep-water fish?

Lead
Zinc
Mercury
Cadmium

30. Question

Why is alcohol considered a toxin in the body?

It is converted into acetaldehyde, a highly toxic Phase 1 liver metabolic, which can reduce cellular production of ATP.
It is converted into acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, a highly toxic Phase 1 liver metabolic, which can reduce cellular production of ATP.
It is converted into acetaldehyde, a highly toxic Phase 2 liver metabolic, which can reduce cellular production of ATP.
All of the above